- LiverTox: Clinical and Research Information on Drug-Induced Liver Injury [Internet]. Bethesda (MD): National Institute of Diabetes and Digestive and Kidney Diseases; 2012–. Yohimbine. 2020 Apr 5. PMID: 31644013.
- Campos MM, Fernandes ES, Ferreira J, Santos AR, Calixto JB. Antidepressant-like effects of Trichilia catigua (Catuaba) extract: evidence for dopaminergic-mediated mechanisms. Psychopharmacology (Berl). 2005 Oct;182(1):45-53. doi: 10.1007/s00213-005-0052-1. Epub 2005 Sep 29. PMID: 15991001.
- Martins NO, de Brito IM, Araújo SSO, Negri G, Carlini EA, Mendes FR. Antioxidant, anticholinesterase and antifatigue effects of Trichilia catigua (catuaba). BMC Complement Altern Med. 2018 Jun 5;18(1):172. doi: 10.1186/s12906-018-2222-9. PMID: 29866157; PMCID: PMC5987406.
- Martins NO, de Brito IM, Araújo SSO, Negri G, Carlini EA, Mendes FR. Antioxidant, anticholinesterase and antifatigue effects of Trichilia catigua (catuaba). BMC Complement Altern Med. 2018 Jun 5;18(1):172. doi: 10.1186/s12906-018-2222-9. PMID: 29866157; PMCID: PMC5987406.
research + studies
studies grouped by ingredient
CATUABA
CHAGA
- Giridharan VV, Thandavarayan RA, Konishi T. (2011) Amelioration of scopolamine induced cognitive dysfunction and oxidative stress by Inonotusobliquus - a medicinal mushroom. Food Funct. 2011 Jun;2(6):320-7. doi: 10.1039/c1fo10037h. Epub 2011 Jun 6.
- Han Y, Nan S, Fan J, Chen Q, Zhang Y. (2019) Inonotus obliquus polysaccharides protect against Alzheimer's disease by regulating Nrf2 signaling and exerting antioxidative and antiapoptotic effects. Int J Biol Macromol. 2019 Jun 15;131:769-778. doi: 10.1016/j.ijbiomac.2019.03.033. Epub 2019 Mar 13.
- Park YK, Lee HB, Jeon EJ, Jung HS, Kang MH. (2004) Chaga mushroom extract inhibits oxidative DNA damage in human lymphocytes as assessed by comet assay. Biofactors. 2004;21(1-4):109-12.
- Yun JS, Pahk JW, Lee JS, Shin WC, Lee SY, Hong EK. (2011) Inonotus obliquus protects against oxidative stress-induced apoptosis and premature senescence. Mol Cells. 2011 May;31(5):423-9. doi: 10.1007/s10059-011-0256-7. Epub 2011 Feb 22.
- Mu H, Zhang A, Zhang W, Cui G, Wang S, Duan J. (2012) Antioxidative properties of crude polysaccharides from Inonotus obliquus. Int J Mol Sci. 2012;13(7):9194-206. doi: 10.3390/ijms13079194. Epub 2012 Jul 23.
- Debnath T, Park SR, Kim DH, Jo JE, Lim BO. (2013) Anti-oxidant and anti-inflammatory activities of Inonotus obliquus and germinated brown rice extracts. Molecules. 2013 Aug 2;18(8):9293-304. doi: 10.3390/molecules18089293.
- Ham SS, Kim SH, Moon SY, Chung MJ, Cui CB, Han EK, Chung CK, Choe M. (2009) Antimutagenic effects of subfractions of Chaga mushroom (Inonotus obliquus) extract. Mutat Res. 2009 Jan;672(1):55-9. doi: 10.1016/j.mrgentox.2008.10.002. Epub 2008 Oct 17.
- Hu H, Zhang Z, Lei Z, Yang Y, Sugiura N. (2009) Comparative study of antioxidant activity and antiproliferative effect of hot water and ethanol extracts from the mushroom Inonotus obliquus. J Biosci Bioeng. 2009 Jan;107(1):42-8. doi: 10.1016/j.jbiosc.2008.09.004.
- Han Y, Nan S, Fan J, Chen Q, Zhang Y. (2019) Inonotus obliquus polysaccharides protect against Alzheimer's disease by regulating Nrf2 signaling and exerting antioxidative and antiapoptotic effects. Int J Biol Macromol. 2019 Jun 15;131:769-778. doi: 10.1016/j.ijbiomac.2019.03.033. Epub 2019 Mar 13.
- Yun JS, Pahk JW, Lee JS, Shin WC, Lee SY, Hong EK. (2011) Inonotus obliquus protects against oxidative stress-induced apoptosis and premature senescence. Mol Cells. 2011 May;31(5):423-9. doi: 10.1007/s10059-011-0256-7. Epub 2011 Feb 22.
- Giridharan VV, Thandavarayan RA, Konishi T. (2011) Amelioration of scopolamine induced cognitive dysfunction and oxidative stress by Inonotusobliquus - a medicinal mushroom. Food Funct. 2011 Jun;2(6):320-7. doi: 10.1039/c1fo10037h. Epub 2011 Jun 6.
- Ham, S. S., Kim, S. H., Moon, S. Y., Chung, M. J., Cui, C. B., Han, E. K., Chung, C. K., & Choe, M. (2009). Antimutagenic effects of subfractions of Chaga mushroom (Inonotus obliquus) extract. Mutation research, 672(1), 55–59.
- Debnath T, Park SR, Kim DH, Jo JE, Lim BO. (2013) Anti-oxidant and anti-inflammatory activities of Inonotus obliquus and germinated brown rice extracts. Molecules. 2013 Aug 2;18(8):9293-304. doi: 10.3390/molecules18089293.
- Kim, H. G., Yoon, D. H., Kim, C. H., Shrestha, B., Chang, W. C., Lim, S. Y., Lee, W. H., Han, S. G., Lee, J. O., Lim, M. H., Kim, G. Y., Choi, S., Song, W. O., Sung, J. M., Hwang, K. C., & Kim, T. W. (2007). Ethanol extract of Inonotus obliquus inhibits lipopolysaccharide-induced inflammation in RAW 264.7 macrophage cells. Journal of medicinal food, 10(1), 80–89.
- Park YK, Lee HB, Jeon EJ, Jung HS, Kang MH. (2004) Chaga mushroom extract inhibits oxidative DNA damage in human lymphocytes as assessed by comet assay. Biofactors. 2004;21(1-4):109-12.
- Cordyceps
- Ko, K. M., & Leung, H. Y. (2007). Enhancement of ATP generation capacity, antioxidant activity and immunomodulatory activities by Chinese Yang and Yin tonifying herbs. Chinese medicine, 2, 3.
- [28] Zhang Tianzhu, Yang Shihai, Du Juan, "Antidepressant-Like Effects of Cordycepin in a Mice Model of Chronic Unpredictable Mild Stress", Evidence-Based Complementary and Alternative Medicine, vol. 2014, Article ID 438506, 9 pages, 2014.
- [29] Chen, C. Y., Hou, C. W., Bernard, J. R., Chen, C. C., Hung, T. C., Cheng, L. L., Liao, Y. H., & Kuo, C. H. (2014). Rhodiola crenulata- and Cordyceps sinensis-based supplement boosts aerobic exercise performance after short-term high altitude training. High altitude medicine & biology, 15(3), 371–379.
- [30] Liao, Y. H., Chao, Y. C., Sim, B. Y., Lin, H. M., Chen, M. T., & Chen, C. Y. (2019). Rhodiola/Cordyceps-Based Herbal Supplement Promotes Endurance Training-Improved Body Composition But Not Oxidative Stress and Metabolic Biomarkers: A Preliminary Randomized Controlled Study. Nutrients, 11(10), 2357.
- [31] Yuan G, An L, Sun Y, Xu G, Du P. (2018) Improvement of Learning and Memory Induced by Cordyceps Polypeptide Treatment and the Underlying Mechanism. Evid Based Complement Alternat Med. 2018 Mar 15;2018:9419264. doi: 10.1155/2018/9419264. eCollection 2018.
- [32] Cai, Z. L., Wang, C. Y., Jiang, Z. J., Li, H. H., Liu, W. X., Gong, L. W., Xiao, P., & Li, C. H. (2013). Effects of cordycepin on Y-maze learning task in mice. European journal of pharmacology, 714(1-3), 249–253.
- [33] Peng, J., Wang, P., Ge, H., Qu, X., & Jin, X. (2015). Effects of cordycepin on the microglia-overactivation-induced impairments of growth and development of hippocampal cultured neurons. PloS one, 10(5), e0125902.
- [34] Lee, J. Y., Choi, H. Y., Baik, H. H., Ju, B. G., Kim, W. K., & Yune, T. Y. (2017). Cordycepin-enriched WIB-801C from Cordyceps militaris improves functional recovery by attenuating blood-spinal cord barrier disruption after spinal cord injury. Journal of ethnopharmacology, 203, 90–100.
- [35] Siu, K. M., Mak, D. H., Chiu, P. Y., Poon, M. K., Du, Y., & Ko, K. M. (2004). Pharmacological basis of 'Yin-nourishing' and 'Yang-invigorating' actions of Cordyceps, a Chinese tonifying herb. Life sciences, 76(4), 385–395.
- Yuan G, An L, Sun Y, Xu G, Du P. (2018) Improvement of Learning and Memory Induced by Cordyceps Polypeptide Treatment and the Underlying Mechanism. Evid Based Complement Alternat Med. 2018 Mar 15;2018:9419264. doi: 10.1155/2018/9419264. eCollection 2018.
- Jin DQ, Park BC, Lee JS, Choi HD, Lee YS, Yang JH, Kim JA. (2004) Mycelial extract of Cordyceps ophioglossoides prevents neuronal cell death and ameliorates beta-amyloid peptide-induced memory deficits in rats. Biol Pharm Bull. 2004 Jul;27(7):1126-9.
- Park JM, Lee JS, Lee KR, Ha SJ, Hong EK. (2014) Cordyceps militaris extract protects human dermal fibroblasts against oxidative stress-inducedapoptosis and premature senescence. Nutrients. 2014 Sep 16;6(9):3711-26. doi: 10.3390/nu6093711.
- Peng J, Wang P, Ge H, Qu X, Jin X. (2015) Effects of cordycepin on the microglia-overactivation-induced impairments of growth and development of hippocampal cultured neurons. PLoS One. 2015 May 1;10(5):e0125902. doi: 10.1371/journal.pone.0125902. eCollection 2015.
- Lee JY, Choi HY, Baik HH, Ju BG, Kim WK, Yune TY. (2017) Cordycepin-enriched WIB-801C from Cordyceps militaris improves functional recovery by attenuating blood-spinal cord barrier disruption after spinal cord injury. J Ethnopharmacol. 2017 May 5;203:90-100. doi: 10.1016/j.jep.2017.03.047. Epub 2017 Mar 30.
- Cai ZL, Wang CY, Jiang ZJ, Li HH, Liu WX, Gong LW, Xiao P, Li CH. (2013) Effects of cordycepin on Y-maze learning task in mice. Eur J Pharmacol. 2013 Aug 15;714(1-3):249-53. doi: 10.1016/j.ejphar.2013.05.049. Epub 2013 Jun 29.
- Tianzhu Z, Shihai Y, Juan D. (2014) Antidepressant-like effects of cordycepin in a mice model of chronic unpredictable mild stress. Evid Based Complement Alternat Med. 2014;2014:438506. doi: 10.1155/2014/438506. Epub 2014 Dec 23.
- Manabe N, Azuma Y, Sugimoto M, Uchio K, Miyamoto M, Taketomo N, Tsuchita H, Miyamoto H. (2000) Effects of the mycelial extract of cultured Cordyceps sinensis on in vivo hepatic energy metabolism and blood flow in dietary hypoferric anaemic mice. Br J Nutr. 2000 Feb;83(2):197-204.
- Manabe N, Sugimoto M, Azuma Y, Taketomo N, Yamashita A, Tsuboi H, Tsunoo A, Kinjo N, Nian-Lai H, Miyamoto H. (1996) Effects of the mycelial extract of cultured Cordyceps sinensis on in vivo hepatic energy metabolism in the mouse. Jpn J Pharmacol. 1996 Jan;70(1):85-8.
- Siu KM, Mak DH, Chiu PY, Poon MK, Du Y, Ko KM. (2004) Pharmacological basis of 'Yin-nourishing' and 'Yang-invigorating' actions of Cordyceps, a Chinese tonifying herb. Life Sci. 2004 Dec 10;76(4):385-95.
DAMIANA
- Kotta S, Ansari SH, Ali J. Exploring scientifically proven herbal aphrodisiacs. Pharmacogn Rev. 2013 Jan;7(13):1-10. doi: 10.4103/0973-7847.112832. PMID: 23922450; PMCID: PMC3731873.
- Estrada-Reyes R, Ortiz-López P, Gutiérrez-Ortíz J, Martínez-Mota L. Turnera diffusa Wild (Turneraceae) recovers sexual behavior in sexually exhausted males. J Ethnopharmacol. 2009 Jun 25;123(3):423-9. doi: 10.1016/j.jep.2009.03.032. Epub 2009 Mar 31. PMID: 19501274.
- Powers, C., et al. "A molecular docking study of phytochemical estrogen mimics from dietary herbal supplements." In Silico Pharmacol. 2015 Mar; 3: 4.
- Zhao, J., et al. "Anti-aromatase activity of the constituents from damiana (Turnera diffusa)." J. Ethnopharmacol. 2008 Dec; 120(3): 387-93.
- Zava, D., et al. "Estrogen and progestin bioactivity of foods, herbs and spices." Proc. Soc. Exp. Biol. Med. 1998; 217(3): 369-78.
- Kwitowska, J., et al. "Turnera diffusa Willd. ex Schult. as medicinal plant." Postepy. Fitoterapii. 2015 Apr; 237-243.
Estrada-Reyes, R, et al. "Pro-sexual effects of Turnera diffusa Wild (Turneraceae) in male rats involves the nitric oxide pathway." J. Ethnopharmacol. 2013 Mar; 146(1): 164-72. - Singh, R., et al. "Some medicinal plants with aphrodisiac potential: A current status." J. Acute. Dis. 2013; 179-188.
da Silva, C., et al. "Phytochemistry of some Brazilian Plants with aphrodisiac activity, phytochemicals - a global perspective of their role in nutrition and health." Dr. Venketeshwer Rao (Ed.), 2012. - Patel, D., et al. "Pharmacologically screened aphrodisiac plant-A review of current scientific literature." Asian Pac. J. Trop. Biomed. 2011 Sep; 1(1)Sup: S131-S138.
- Feistel, B., et al. "Damiana (Turnera diffusa Willd.) – a traditionally used aphrodisiac as modern PDE-5 inhibitor." Planta Med. 2010; 76 - P002.
- Kumar, S., et al. "Evaluation of aphrodisiac activity of Turnera aphrodisiaca." Int. J. Pharmacogn. Phytochem Res 2009; 1(1): 1-4.
- Estrada-Reyes, R., et al. "Turnera diffusa Wild (Turneraceae) recovers sexual behavior in sexually exhausted males." J. Ethnopharmacol. 2009 Jun 25; 123(3): 423-9.
- Kumar, S., et al. "Pharmacognostic standardization of Turnera aphrodisiaca Ward." J. Med. Food. 2006 Summer; 9(2): 254-60.
- Rowland, D., et al. "A review of plant-derived and herbal approaches to the treatment of sexual dysfunctions." J. Sex. Marital Ther. 2003 May-Jun; 29(3): 185-205.
- Helmrick, L., et al. "Aphrodisiac properties of Turnera diffusa." J. Undergrad. Res. 2000; 9-13.
- Arletti, R., et al. "Stimulating property of Turnera diffusa and Pfaffia paniculata extracts on the sexual-behavior of male rats." Psychopharmacology. 1999; 143(1): 15-19.
EPIMEDIUM
- Chen M, Hao J, Yang Q, Li G. Effects of Icariin on Reproductive Functions in Male Rats. Molecules. 2014; 19(7):9502-9514. https://doi.org/10.3390/molecules19079502
- Dell’Agli, M., Galli, G. V., Dal Cero, E., Belluti, F., Matera, R., Zironi, E., … Bosisio, E. (2008, September). Potent inhibition of human phosphodiesterase-5 by icariin derivatives. https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/18778098
KANNA
- Gericke N, Viljoen AM. (2008) Sceletium--a review update. J Ethnopharmacol. 2008 Oct 28;119(3):653-63. doi: 10.1016/j.jep.2008.07.043. Epub 2008 Aug 8.
- Krstenansky JL (2017). Mesembrine alkaloids: Review of their occurrence, chemistry, and pharmacology. J Ethnopharmacol. 2017 Jan 4;195:10-19. doi: 10.1016/j.jep.2016.12.004. Epub 2016 Dec 7.
- Carpenter JM, Jourdan MK, Fountain EM, Ali Z, Abe N, Khan IA, Sufka KJ. (2009) The effects of Sceletium tortuosum (L.) N.E. Br. extract fraction in the chick anxiety-depression model. J Ethnopharmacol. 2009 Jan 12;121(1):86-91. doi: 10.1016/j.jep.2008.10.008. Epub 2008 Oct 17.
LION'S MANE
- Bing-Ji Ma, Jin-Wen Shen, Hai-You Yu, Yuan Ruan, Ting-Ting Wu & Xu Zhao (2010) Hericenones and erinacines: stimulators of nerve growth factor (NGF) biosynthesis in Hericium erinaceus. Mycology, 2010 Apr 29;1:2, 92-98, DOI: 10.1080/21501201003735556
- Mori K, Obara Y, Hirota M, Azumi Y, Kinugasa S, Inatomi S, Nakahata N. (2008) Nerve growth factor-inducing activity of Hericium erinaceus in 1321N1 human astrocytoma cells. Biol Pharm Bull. 2008 Sep;31(9):1727-32.
- Brandalise F, Cesaroni V, Gregori A, Repetti M, Romano C, Orrù G, Botta L, Girometta C, Guglielminetti ML, Savino E, Rossi P. (2017) Dietary Supplementation of Hericium erinaceus Increases Mossy Fiber-CA3 Hippocampal Neurotransmission and Recognition Memory in Wild-Type Mice. Evid Based Complement Alternat Med. 2017;2017:3864340. doi: 10.1155/2017/3864340. Epub 2017 Jan 1.
- Kolotushkina EV, Moldavan MG, Voronin KY, Skibo GG. (2003) The influence of Hericium erinaceus extract on myelination process in vitro. Fiziol Zh. 2003;49(1):38-45.
- Wong KH, Naidu M, David RP, Bakar R, Sabaratnam V. (2012) Neuroregenerative potential of lion's mane mushroom, Hericium erinaceus (Bull.: Fr.) Pers. (higher Basidiomycetes), in the treatment of peripheral nerve injury (review). Int J Med Mushrooms. 2012;14(5):427-46.
- Thongbai, Benjarong & Rapior, Sylvie & Wittstein, Kathrin & Hyde, Kevin & Stadler, Marc. (2015). Hericium erinaceus, an amazing medicinal mushroom. Mycological Progress. 14. 1-23. 10.1007/s11557-015-1105-4.
MATCHA
- Subramoniam A, Asha VV, Nair SA, Sasidharan SP, Sureshkumar PK, Rajendran KN, Karunagaran D, Ramalingam K. Chlorophyll revisited: anti-inflammatory activities of chlorophyll a and inhibition of expression of TNF-α gene by the same. Inflammation. 2012 Jun;35(3):959-66. doi: 10.1007/s10753-011-9399-0. PMID: 22038065.
- Jakubczyk K, Kochman J, Kwiatkowska A, Kałduńska J, Dec K, Kawczuga D, Janda K. Antioxidant Properties and Nutritional Composition of Matcha Green Tea. Foods. 2020 Apr 12;9(4):483. doi: 10.3390/foods9040483. PMID: 32290537; PMCID: PMC7231151.
- Willems MET, Şahin MA, Cook MD. Matcha Green Tea Drinks Enhance Fat Oxidation During Brisk Walking in Females. Int J Sport Nutr Exerc Metab. 2018 Sep 1;28(5):536-541. doi: 10.1123/ijsnem.2017-0237. Epub 2018 Jun 19. PMID: 29345213.
- Kochman J, Jakubczyk K, Antoniewicz J, Mruk H, Janda K. Health Benefits and Chemical Composition of Matcha Green Tea: A Review. Molecules. 2020 Dec 27;26(1):85. doi: 10.3390/molecules26010085. PMID: 33375458; PMCID: PMC7796401.
- Call JA, Voelker KA, Wolff AV, McMillan RP, Evans NP, Hulver MW, Talmadge RJ, Grange RW. Endurance capacity in maturing mdx mice is markedly enhanced by combined voluntary wheel running and green tea extract. J Appl Physiol (1985). 2008 Sep;105(3):923-32. doi: 10.1152/japplphysiol.00028.2008. Epub 2008 Jun 26. PMID: 18583385; PMCID: PMC2536821.
- Machado ÁS, da Silva W, Souza MA, Carpes FP. Green Tea Extract Preserves Neuromuscular Activation and Muscle Damage Markers in Athletes Under Cumulative Fatigue. Front Physiol. 2018 Aug 17;9:1137. doi: 10.3389/fphys.2018.01137. PMID: 30174618; PMCID: PMC6107802.
- Minegishi Y, Otsuka A, Ota N, Ishii K, Shimotoyodome A. Combined Supplementation of Pre-Exercise Carbohydrate, Alanine, and Proline and Continuous Intake of Green Tea Catechins Effectively Boost Endurance Performance in Mice. Nutrients. 2018 Jul 19;10(7):925. doi: 10.3390/nu10070925. PMID: 30029527; PMCID: PMC6073663.
- Bagheri R, Rashidlamir A, Ashtary-Larky D, Wong A, Grubbs B, Motevalli MS, Baker JS, Laher I, Zouhal H. Effects of green tea extract supplementation and endurance training on irisin, pro-inflammatory cytokines, and adiponectin concentrations in overweight middle-aged men. Eur J Appl Physiol. 2020 Apr;120(4):915-923. doi: 10.1007/s00421-020-04332-6. Epub 2020 Feb 24. PMID: 32095935.
- Alves Ferreira M, Oliveira Gomes AP, Guimarães de Moraes AP, Ferreira Stringhini ML, Mota JF, Siqueira Guedes Coelho A, Borges Botelho P. Green tea extract outperforms metformin in lipid profile and glycaemic control in overweight women: A double-blind, placebo-controlled, randomized trial. Clin Nutr ESPEN. 2017 Dec;22:1-6. doi: 10.1016/j.clnesp.2017.08.008. Epub 2017 Aug 31. PMID: 29415825.
- Xu P, Ying L, Hong G, Wang Y. The effects of the aqueous extract and residue of Matcha on the antioxidant status and lipid and glucose levels in mice fed a high-fat diet. Food Funct. 2016 Jan;7(1):294-300. doi: 10.1039/c5fo00828j. PMID: 26448271.
- Lyon MR, Kapoor MP, Juneja LR. The effects of L-theanine (Suntheanine®) on objective sleep quality in boys with attention deficit hyperactivity disorder (ADHD): a randomized, double-blind, placebo-controlled clinical trial. Altern Med Rev. 2011 Dec;16(4):348-54. PMID: 22214254.
- Banaszek, A., Townsend, J. R., Bender, D., Vantrease, W. C., Marshall, A. C., & Johnson, K. D. (2019). The Effects of Whey vs. Pea Protein on Physical Adaptations Following 8-Weeks of High-Intensity Functional Training (HIFT): A Pilot Study. Sports (Basel, Switzerland), 7(1), 12. https://doi.org/10.3390/sports7010012
NIACIN
- Gasperi V, Sibilano M, Savini I, Catani MV. (2019) Niacin in the Central Nervous System: An Update of Biological Aspects and Clinical Applications. Int J Mol Sci. 2019 Feb 23;20(4). pii: E974. doi: 10.3390/ijms20040974.
- Djadjo S, Bajaj T. (2019) Niacin (Nicotinic Acid). In: StatPearls [Internet]. Treasure Island (FL): StatPearls Publishing; 2019 Jan-.
- Narla S, Klejbor I, Birkaya B, Lee YW, Morys J, Stachowiak EK, Terranova C, Bencherif M, Stachowiak MK. (2013) α7 nicotinic receptor agonist reactivates neurogenesis in adult brain. Biochem Pharmacol. 2013 Oct 15;86(8):1099-104. doi: 10.1016/j.bcp.2013.07.028. Epub 2013 Aug 9.
- Loriaux SM, Deijen JB, Orlebeke JF, De Swart JH. (1985) The effects of nicotinic acid and xanthinol nicotinate on human memory in different categories of age. A double blind study. Psychopharmacology (Berl). 1985;87(4):390-5.
- Danielyan KE, Abramyan RA, Galoyan AA, Kevorkian GA. (2011) Vitamin B-complex initiates growth and development of human embryonic brain cells in vitro. Bull Exp Biol Med. 2011 Sep;151(5):579-83.
- Hoane MR, Akstulewicz SL, Toppen J. (2003) Treatment with vitamin B3 improves functional recovery and reduces GFAP expression following traumatic brain injury in rats. J Neurotrauma. 2003 Nov;20(11):1189-99.
- Guyton JR. (2007) Niacin in cardiovascular prevention: mechanisms, efficacy, and safety. Curr Opin Lipidol. 2007 Aug;18(4):415-20.
- Knip M, Douek IF, Moore WP, Gillmor HA, McLean AE, Bingley PJ, Gale EA; European Nicotinamide Diabetes Intervention Trial Group. Safety of high-dose nicotinamide: a review. Diabetologia. 2000 Nov;43(11):1337-45.
- Liou, S., & Liou, S. (2016, July 08). Nicotinamide. Retrieved from https://hopes.stanford.edu/nicotinamide/
- Cui, X., Chopp, M., Zacharek, A., Roberts, C., Buller, B., Ion, M., & Chen, J. (2010). Niacin treatment of stroke increases synaptic plasticity and axon growth in rats. Stroke, 41(9), 2044–2049.
- Morris, M. C., Evans, D. A., Bienias, J. L., Scherr, P. A., Tangney, C. C., Hebert, L. E., Bennett, D. A., Wilson, R. S., & Aggarwal, N. (2004). Dietary niacin and the risk of incident Alzheimer's disease and of cognitive decline. Journal of neurology, neurosurgery, and psychiatry, 75(8), 1093–1099.
- Wakade, C., & Chong, R. (2014). A novel treatment target for Parkinson's disease. Journal of the neurological sciences, 347(1-2), 34–38.
- Canner, P. L., Berge, K. G., Wenger, N. K., Stamler, J., Friedman, L., Prineas, R. J., & Friedewald, W. (1986). Fifteen year mortality in Coronary Drug Project patients: long-term benefit with niacin. Journal of the American College of Cardiology, 8(6), 1245–1255.
- Djadjo S, Bajaj T. Niacin. [Updated 2021 Mar 2]. Niacin: StatPearls [Internet]. Treasure Island (FL): StatPearls Publishing; 2021 Jan
PINE POLLEN
- LiverTox: Clinical and Research Information on Drug-Induced Liver Injury [Internet]. Bethesda (MD): National Institute of Diabetes and Digestive and Kidney Diseases; 2012–. Yohimbine. 2020 Apr 5. PMID: 31644013.
- Campos MM, Fernandes ES, Ferreira J, Santos AR, Calixto JB. Antidepressant-like effects of Trichilia catigua (Catuaba) extract: evidence for dopaminergic-mediated mechanisms. Psychopharmacology (Berl). 2005 Oct;182(1):45-53. doi: 10.1007/s00213-005-0052-1. Epub 2005 Sep 29. PMID: 15991001.
- Martins NO, de Brito IM, Araújo SSO, Negri G, Carlini EA, Mendes FR. Antioxidant, anticholinesterase and antifatigue effects of Trichilia catigua (catuaba). BMC Complement Altern Med. 2018 Jun 5;18(1):172. doi: 10.1186/s12906-018-2222-9. PMID: 29866157; PMCID: PMC5987406.
- Martins NO, de Brito IM, Araújo SSO, Negri G, Carlini EA, Mendes FR. Antioxidant, anticholinesterase and antifatigue effects of Trichilia catigua (catuaba). BMC Complement Altern Med. 2018 Jun 5;18(1):172. doi: 10.1186/s12906-018-2222-9. PMID: 29866157; PMCID: PMC5987406.
REISHI
- Sun XZ, Liao Y, Li W, Guo LM. (2017) Neuroprotective effects of ganoderma lucidum polysaccharides against oxidative stress-induced neuronal apoptosis. Neural Regen Res. 2017 Jun;12(6):953-958. doi: 10.4103/1673-5374.208590.
- Cuong VT, Chen W, Shi J, Zhang M, Yang H, Wang N, Yang S, Li J, Yang P, Fei J. (2019) The anti-oxidation and anti-aging effects of Ganoderma lucidum in Caenorhabditis elegans. Exp Gerontol. 2019 Mar;117:99-105. doi: 10.1016/j.exger.2018.11.016. Epub 2018 Nov 23.
- Özevren H, İrtegün S, Deveci E, Aşır F, Pektanç G, Deveci Ş. (2017) Ganoderma Lucidum Protects Rat Brain Tissue Against Trauma-Induced Oxidative Stress. Korean J Neurotrauma. 2017 Oct;13(2):76-84. doi: 10.13004/kjnt.2017.13.2.76. Epub 2017 Oct 31.
- Jiang ZM, Qiu HB, Wang SQ, Guo J, Yang ZW, Zhou SB. (2018) Ganoderic acid A potentiates the antioxidant effect and protection of mitochondrial membranes and reduces the apoptosis rate in primary hippocampal neurons in magnesium free medium. Pharmazie. 2018 Feb 1;73(2):87-91. doi: 10.1691/ph.2018.7108.
- Smina TP, Maurya DK, Devasagayam TP, Janardhanan KK. (2015) Protection of radiation induced DNA and membrane damages by total triterpenes isolated from Ganoderma lucidum (Fr.) P. Karst. Chem Biol Interact. 2015 May 25;233:1-7. doi: 10.1016/j.cbi.2015.03.019. Epub 2015 Mar 27.
- Kim KC, Kim IG. (1999) Ganoderma lucidum extract protects DNA from strand breakage caused by hydroxyl radical and UV irradiation. Int J Mol Med. 1999 Sep;4(3):273-7.
- Lee YH, Kim JH, Song CH, Jang KJ, Kim CH, Kang JS, Choi YH, Yoon HM. (2016) Ethanol Extract of Ganoderma lucidum Augments Cellular Anti-oxidant Defense through Activation of Nrf2/HO-1. J Pharmacopuncture. 2016 Mar;19(1):59-69. doi: 10.3831/KPI.2016.19.008
- Lee JM, Kwon H, Jeong H, Lee JW, Lee SY, Baek SJ, Surh YJ. (2001) Inhibition of lipid peroxidation and oxidative DNA damage by Ganoderma lucidum. Phytother Res. 2001 May;15(3):245-9.
- Pillai TG, Maurya DK, Salvi VP, Janardhanan KK, Nair CK. (2014) Fungal beta glucan protects radiation induced DNA damage in human lymphocytes. Ann Transl Med. 2014 Feb;2(2):13. doi: 10.3978/j.issn.2305-5839.2014.02.02.
- Shevelev OB, Seryapina AA, Zavjalov EL, Gerlinskaya LA, Goryachkovskaya TN, Slynko NM, Kuibida LV, Peltek SE, Markel AL, Moshkin MP. (2018) Hypotensive and neurometabolic effects of intragastric Reishi (Ganoderma lucidum) administration in hypertensive ISIAH rat strain. Phytomedicine. 2018 Mar 1;41:1-6. doi: 10.1016/j.phymed.2018.01.013. Epub 2018 Jan 31.
- Koganti P, Tulsawani R, Sharma P, Sharma M, Arora S, Misra K. (2018) Role of Hydroalcoholic Extract of Lingzhi or Reishi Medicinal Mushroom, Ganoderma lucidum(Agaricomycetes), in Facilitating Cellular Acclimatization in a Low-Oxygen Microenvironment. Int J Med Mushrooms. 2018;20(5):431-444. doi: 10.1615/IntJMedMushrooms.2018026075.
- Huang S, Mao J, Ding K, Zhou Y, Zeng X, Yang W, Wang P, Zhao C, Yao J, Xia P, Pei G. (2017) Polysaccharides from Ganoderma lucidum Promote Cognitive Function and Neural Progenitor Proliferation in Mouse Model of Alzheimer's Disease. Stem Cell Reports. 2017 Jan 10;8(1):84-94. doi: 10.1016/j.stemcr.2016.12.007.
RHODIOLA
- Martínez-Pinilla E., Oñatibia-Astibia A., Franco R. (2015). The relevance of theobromine for the beneficial effects of cocoa consumption. Frontiers in pharmacology, 6, 30. doi:10.3389/fphar.2015.00030
- Yoneda M, Sugimoto N, Katakura M, Matsuzaki K, Tanigami H, Yachie A, Ohno-Shosaku T, Shido O. (2016) Theobromine up-regulates cerebral brain-derived neurotrophic factor and facilitates motor learning in mice. J Nutr Biochem. 2017 Jan;39:110-116. doi: 10.1016/j.jnutbio.2016.10.002. Epub 2016 Oct 8.
- Islam R, Matsuzaki K, Sumiyoshi E, Hossain ME, Hashimoto M, Katakura M, Sugimoto N, Shido O. (2019) Theobromine Improves Working Memory by Activating the CaMKII/CREB/BDNF Pathway in Rats. Nutrients. 2019 Apr 20;11(4). pii: E888. doi: 10.3390/nu11040888.
- Fernández-Fernández L, Esteban G, Giralt M, Valente T, Bolea I, Solé M, Sun P, Benítez S, Morelló JR, Reguant J, Ramírez B, Hidalgo J, Unzeta M. (2015) Catecholaminergic and cholinergic systems of mouse brain are modulated by LMN diet, rich in theobromine, polyphenols and polyunsaturated fatty acids. Food Funct. 2015 Apr;6(4):1251-60. doi: 10.1039/c5fo00052a.
- Mitchell ES, Slettenaar M, vd Meer N, Transler C, Jans L, Quadt F, Berry M. (2011) Differential contributions of theobromine and caffeine on mood, psychomotor performance and blood pressure. Physiol Behav. 2011 Oct 24;104(5):816-22. doi: 10.1016/j.physbeh.2011.07.027. Epub 2011 Aug 4.
THEOBROMINE
- Darbinyan V, Kteyan A, Panossian A, Gabrielian E, Wikman G, Wagner H. (2000) Rhodiola rosea in stress induced fatigue--a double blind cross-over study of a standardized extract SHR-5 with a repeated low-dose regimen on the mental performance of healthy physicians during night duty. Phytomedicine. 2000 Oct;7(5):365-71.
- Spasov AA, Wikman GK, Mandrikov VB, Mironova IA, Neumoin VV. (2000) A double-blind, placebo-controlled pilot study of the stimulating and adaptogenic effect of Rhodiola rosea SHR-5 extract on the fatigue of students caused by stress during an examination period with a repeated low-dose regimen. Phytomedicine. 2000 Apr;7(2):85-9.
- Olsson EM, von Schéele B, Panossian AG. (2009) A randomised, double-blind, placebo-controlled, parallel-group study of the standardised extract shr-5 of the roots of Rhodiola rosea in the treatment of subjects with stress-related fatigue. Planta Med. 2009 Feb;75(2):105-12. doi: 10.1055/s-0028-1088346. Epub 2008 Nov 18.
- Kurkin, V. A., Dubishchev, A. V., Ezhkov, V. N., Titova, I. N., & Avdeeva, E. V. (2006). Antidepressant activity of some phytopharmaceuticals and phenylpropanoids. Pharmaceutical Chemistry Journal, 40(11), 614-619.
- Darbinyan V, Aslanyan G, Amroyan E, Gabrielyan E, Malmström C, Panossian A. (2007) Clinical trial of Rhodiola rosea L. extract SHR-5 in the treatment of mild to moderate depression. Nord J Psychiatry. 2007;61(5):343-8. Erratum in: Nord J Psychiatry. 2007;61(6):503.
- Perfumi M, Mattioli L. (2007) Adaptogenic and central nervous system effects of single doses of 3% rosavin and 1% salidroside Rhodiola rosea L. extract in mice. Phytother Res. 2007 Jan;21(1):37-43.
- Panossian, A., Nikoyan, N., Ohanyan, N., Hovhannisyan, A., Abrahamyan, H., Gabrielyan, E., & Wikman, G. (2008) Comparative study of Rhodiola preparations on behavioral despair of rats. Phytomedicine. 2008 Jan;15(1-2):84-91. Epub 2007 Dec 3.
- Panossian A, Wagner H. (2005) Stimulating effect of adaptogens: an overview with particular reference to their efficacy following single dose administration. Phytother Res. 2005 Oct;19(10):819-38. Review.
- Petkov VD, Yonkov D, Mosharoff A, Kambourova T, Alova L, Petkov VV, Todorov I. (1986) Effects of alcohol aqueous extract from Rhodiola rosea L. roots on learning and memory. Acta Physiol Pharmacol Bulg. 1986;12(1):3-16.
- Van Diermen, D., Marston, A., Bravo, J., Reist, M., Carrupt, P. A., & Hostettmann, K. (2009). Monoamine oxidase inhibition by Rhodiola rosea L. roots. Journal of ethnopharmacology, 122(2), 397-401. [animal studies]
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